1. What is Schema?
👉 Schema is the structure of a database that defines tables, fields, and relationships.
2. DDL stands for —
👉 Data Definition Language
3. Difference between UPDATE and ALTER command
| UPDATE | ALTER |
|---|---|
| Used to modify table data | Used to modify table structure |
4. What is Normalization?
👉 Normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy.
5. The term ______ is used to refer to a row.
a) Tuple
b) Instance
c) Attribute
d) Field
👉 Answer: a) Tuple
6. What do you mean by one-to-many relationship?
a) One class may have many teachers
b) One teacher can have many classes
c) Many classes may have many teachers
d) Many teachers may have many classes
👉 Answer: b) One teacher can have many classes
7. TCL stands for —
👉 Transaction Control Language
8. Data model
A data model explains how data is organized in a database.
It shows the structure of data, relationships between data, and constraints.
9. Database schema
Database schema is the overall logical design of the database.
It defines tables, fields, data types, and relationships.
10. Internal schema
Internal schema describes how data is physically stored in memory or disk.
It focuses on file structure, indexing, and storage methods.
11. DML
DML stands for Data Manipulation Language.
It is used to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from tables.
12. Data independence
Data independence is the ability to change the database structure at one level.
It does not affect other levels or application programs.
13. Client/server architecture
It is a system where the client sends requests and the server provides services.
The client handles the interface and the server manages the database.
14. Data sublanguages
Data sublanguages are different types of database languages.
Examples are DDL for structure, DML for data, and DCL for control.
15. Data Redundancy
Data redundancy means the same data is stored in more than one place.
It increases storage and may cause data inconsistency.
16. Composite attribute
A composite attribute is an attribute that can be divided into smaller parts.
Example: Name can be divided into First Name and Last Name.
17. Consistency
Consistency means the data is correct and same at all places in the database.
There should be no conflict between related data values.
18. BCNF stands for —
👉 Boyce–Codd Normal Form
19. Candidate key
A candidate key is an attribute or set of attributes that can uniquely identify a record.
Each table can have more than one candidate key.
20. Two characteristics of data in database
Data is shared among multiple users.
Data is integrated and stored in a centralized manner.
21. Necessary to decompose a relation
Decomposition is needed to remove redundancy and avoid update anomalies.
It also helps in achieving normalization and data consistency.
22. Meta Data
Meta data is data about data that describes the structure and meaning of data.
23. Data Abstraction
👉 Hiding internal details and showing only required data.
24. Composite Attributes
👉 Attributes that can be divided into smaller parts.
25. OLTP stands for —
👉 Online Transaction Processing
26. Null value in Tuples
👉 A null value means no value is stored for that attribute.
27. Foreign Key
👉 A foreign key is a field that refers to the primary key of another table.
28. Rollback
👉 Rollback is used to undo changes made in a transaction.
Below are your short 1-mark answers (easy English, no Roman numbers) 👇
29. Database
👉 A database is an organized collection of related data stored in a computer.
30. DBA
👉 DBA is a Database Administrator who manages and controls the database system.
31. Meta Data
👉 Meta data is data about data that describes the structure and meaning of data.
32. UML stands for —
👉 Unified Modeling Language
33. Inheritance
👉 Inheritance is a feature where a child class gets properties of a parent class.
34. Update Anomalies
👉 Update anomaly occurs when the same data is stored in many places and is not updated properly everywhere.
35. Difference between DROP and DELETE
| DROP | DELETE |
|---|---|
| Removes the entire table | Removes records from a table |
| Table structure is deleted | Table structure remains |
36.Entity
An entity is a real-world object about which data is stored in a database.37. Prime attribute
A prime attribute is an attribute that is part of a candidate key.
38. Inheritance
Inheritance is a feature where a child entity or class gets properties of a parent.
39. Rollback
Rollback is used to undo changes made during a transaction.
40. RDBMS is introduced by
👉 E. F. Codd
41. ___ Model are used in describing data at logical or conceptual and view level.
👉 Data Models
42. _____ is the disadvantage of DBMS.
👉 High cost
43. One of the utility of DBMS is —
👉 Data sharing
44. One of the components of DBMS is —
👉 Database
(also acceptable: DBMS software / Hardware / Users)
45. Any two DBMS interfaces are —
👉 Menu-driven and Form-based
46. ____ language is used to identify descriptions of the schema constructs and to store the schema description in the DBMS catalog.
👉 DDL
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